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Conference 14037
Infrared Technology and Applications LII
27 - 30 April 2026 | National Harbor 10
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Welcome and Opening Remarks
27 April 2026 • 8:20 AM - 8:30 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chairs:
Gabor F. Fulop, Maxtech International, Inc. (United States), Michael H. MacDougal, Attollo Engineering, LLC (United States), David Z. Ting, Jet Propulsion Lab. (United States)
Join the conference chairs for the opening remarks as they welcome you to this year's conference on infrared technology and applications.
Session 1:
Cooled FPAs I
27 April 2026 • 8:30 AM - 10:10 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chair:
Laurent Rubaldo, LYNRED (France)
14037-1
27 April 2026 • 8:30 AM - 8:50 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
At LYNRED, eSWIR is gaining considerable interest for ground-based applications. This spectral band has been studied, developed, and optimized for decades in space applications using HgCdTe legacy technology, which combines high performance, stability, and reliability. Additionally, the large wafer format and simplified process flow make this technology compatible with high production yield and capacity. Building on this expertise, LYNRED is developing a focal plane array (FPA) based on this technology for high-performance, high-speed ground applications. To deliver the first prototypes, the FPA is integrated into an Integrated Detector Dewar Cryocooler Assembly (IDDCA), operating at 190 K using the "plug-up platform" previously developed for high operating temperature applications in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) range.
14037-3
27 April 2026 • 8:50 AM - 9:10 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Most existing battlefield imaging solutions across ground, naval, and air platforms combine Thermal IR and Visible channels, leveraging a day/night detection channel alongside a day/color identification channel to effectively cover a wide range of operational needs. SWIR imaging however presents a more complex, case-dependent scenario; it can either supplement existing channels by enhancing imaging in challenging conditions or act as a specialized channel with unique requirements, necessitating extensive research to optimize its use for ISR applications. This paper will explore the challenges involved in advancing SWIR imaging and how New Imaging Technologies (NIT) is actively developing solutions to meet these diverse demands.
Authors: Francois Coursaget, Victor Parahyba, Martin Schweitzer
14037-4
27 April 2026 • 9:10 AM - 9:30 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Teledyne Judson Technologies (TJT), a subsidiary of Teledyne SciCam and Teledyne Imaging Sensors (TIS), have jointly developed a low persistence InGaAs focal plane array (FPA) for use in TIS’s MicroCam SWIR camera. This FPA is built on the Hawaii-1RG (H1RG) read-out integrated circuit (ROIC) which has 1024x1024 pixels with an 18 μm pixel pitch format. The newly developed InGaAs focal plane arrays exhibit a persistence of 0.01%, representing a significant improvement over the previously reported median value of 0.05%.
This paper reports the InGaAs detector design and fabrication processes and FPA test results of low persistence focal plane arrays. Unique wafer and detector architecture were designed, developed and implemented to allow for low persistence, low dark current, low bad pixel fraction, high uniformity, and large reverse bias operation. Data at both the wafer and focal plane array (FPA) levels are presented and compared with previous work in terms persistence, dark current, quantum efficiency (QE), correlated double sampling (CDS) noise, bad pixel fraction and clustering. Significant and very positive improvements have been achieved in all evaluated key parameters.
14037-5
27 April 2026 • 9:30 AM - 9:50 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
In this paper, we present the performance result of a 1280x1024 Type-II superlatice(T2SL)-based extended short wave infrared(eSWIR) 8um pitch detector and the fabrication results of a camera utilizing ISP-based image processing.
14037-6
27 April 2026 • 9:50 AM - 10:10 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
TIGRIS-1280/15 MW is a High-Definition (HD) Type-II Superlattice (T2SL) MWIR nBn detector that combines advanced material engineering and ROIC to deliver exceptional image quality and reliability. Featuring a 1280 × 1024 array with 15 µm pitch, the TIGRIS-1280/15 MW provides low dark current, high quantum efficiency (QE), and outstanding uniformity across the 3–5 µm band. The optimized nBn structure minimizes dark current without compromising responsivity, while the ROIC design suppresses Residual Fixed Pattern Noise (RFPN) and enhances temporal stability. With its high Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and excellent operability, the detector offers sharp, high-contrast imagery suitable for next-generation defense MWIR imaging systems.
Break
Coffee Break 10:10 AM - 10:40 AM
Session 2:
Cooled FPAs II
27 April 2026 • 10:40 AM - 12:00 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chairs:
Sanjay Krishna, The Ohio State Univ. (United States), Linda Höglund, IRnova AB (Sweden)
14037-7
27 April 2026 • 10:40 AM - 11:00 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Forty years of heritage have shaped LYNRED into a leading provider of advanced infrared detectors for defense, space, and civilian applications Two trends have been identified in the infrared range, the increase in operating temperature and the reduction of the pixel pitch. At LYNRED, III-V technologies enable the development of Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) and Mid-Wave InfraRed (MWIR) detectors for ground applications. Building on LYNRED’s knowhow, T2SL material is under development to offer a complete product line covering the full MWIR range, from 3.5 up to 5.1 µm.
Many challenges must be addressed for the two formats of focal plane arrays (FPAs): VGA with a 15 µm pitch and SXGA with a 7.5 µm pitch. We review the latest developments at LYNRED on T2SL technology, in terms of operability, residual fixed pattern noise (RFPN) and Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) optimizations.
14037-8
27 April 2026 • 11:00 AM - 11:20 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
SemiConductor Devices (SCD) is advancing the development of compact, high-resolution cooled mid-wave infrared (MWIR) detectors to meet the growing demand for superior imaging performance in size-, weight-, and power-constrained (SWaP) systems. This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of SCD’s latest MWIR focal plane arrays (FPAs) featuring pixel pitches of 10 µm and 5 µm. These detectors employ advanced device design, hybridization with low-noise readout integrated circuits (ROICs), and optimized packaging techniques to achieve exceptional image quality in compact formats.
14037-9
27 April 2026 • 11:20 AM - 11:40 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Leonardo UK (LEUK) has previously reported on MWIR/LWIR MCT arrays with near-BLIP performance and high operability, but reduced QE in MWIR (~52%) and LWIR (~38%) compared to single-band structures. This paper reports on the use of band gap engineering to optimise the QE in both wavebands while maintaining other performance metrics. The latest DWB arrays (1280 x 1024/12 µm) demonstrate an improved QE of ~60% in both wavebands.
LEUK has also reported on the use of band engineered heterostructures to develop HOT MWIR arrays (640 x 512/16 µm) with near BLIP performance at 150 K. This paper verifies the scalability of LUK’s HOT technology through demonstration of a larger format, smaller pitch HOT MWIR array (1280 x 1024/12 µm). This array achieves an NETD of 14.1 mK at 150 K, showing minimal performance degradation compared to arrays operating at standard cryogenic temperatures.
14037-10
27 April 2026 • 11:40 AM - 12:00 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Recent advancements in cooled mid-wave infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe (MCT) focal plane arrays (FPAs) with a 640x512 format and 15 μm pixel pitch have resulted in significant improvements in electrooptical performance, mechanical reliability, and image uniformity. The read out integrated circuit (ROIC) architecture developed at ASELSAN provides superior linearity and very low temporal noise, leading to improved signal fidelity, dynamic range, and temporal stability. Process optimizations in wire bonding have reinforced the mechanical integrity of the detector assembly, ensuring the compliance with the stringent vibration and shock requirements specified for demanding airborne infrared systems. Furthermore, updates to the cold shield structure have effectively mitigated stray radiation, thereby suppressing optical crosstalk and reducing background-induced artifacts. These integrated enhancements have resulted in a reduced noise-equivalent temperature difference (NETD), enhanced pixel-to-pixel response uniformity, and markedly improved image contrast performance. The findings substantiate the maturity of the cooled MWIR MCT 640x512, 15 μm detector technology for deployment in next-generation
Break
Lunch Break 12:00 PM - 1:00 PM
Session 3:
Graphene and Other New IR Imaging Techniques
27 April 2026 • 1:00 PM - 2:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chairs:
Linda Höglund, IRnova AB (Sweden), Sanjay Krishna, The Ohio State Univ. (United States)
14037-11
Performance of low-dimensional solid infrared detectors: summary
(Invited Paper)
27 April 2026 • 1:00 PM - 1:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
The paper summarizes the performance of new-generation infrared detectors, primarily based on colloidal quantum dots, 2D materials, nanowires, perovskites, and organic photodetectors. Technological advancements have led to the evolution of detector architectures that enhance device sensitivity, improve frequency response rates, reduce noise levels, and increase gain bandwidth. Initially, the key mechanisms of detector operation are briefly discussed, including those found in the new generation of low-dimensional solid (LDS) photodetectors. Next, the most important properties of individual new-generation materials are briefly described. In the next step, the performance of LDS photodetectors is compared with that of standard materials dominating the commercial market; including HgCdTe alloys, type-II superlattices, quantum wells, and lead salts. Some of the published results for the new generation photodetectors indicate the performance overestimation.
14037-65
27 April 2026 • 1:30 PM - 1:50 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Sensors are limited by semiconducting bandgaps and rigid wavelength cutoffs. Lower priced, attritable manufacturable detectors are needed for Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle missions.
We present our results from 6 publications and new theory: nonlinear optical rectification (OR) currents flow in inversion-symmetry breaking plasmonic gratings and metasurfaces exhibiting Extraordinary Optical Transmission (EOT) with periodicities of 1200 – 1488 nm, via surface plasmonic-polariton (SPP) resonances excited by near-infrared laser photons. The incident linearly polarized electric field excites 2 SPPs perpendicular to the grating (x-axis). Asymmetry of the grating enabled asymmetric SPP excitation/diffraction and DC current/voltage both longitudinal and transverse to the plane of incidence. The helicity of the incident photon selects the preferred SPP direction based on optimum spin-momentum coupling (SML) of the SPP transverse spin to the photon momentum or the coupling of the photon spin to the SPP momenta. Such a sensitive detector could optimally track a laser, whose tilt and rotation angles with respect to the receiver vary due to turbulence, pointing drift, atmospheric lensing, etc.
14037-12
27 April 2026 • 1:50 PM - 2:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
High-responsivity graphene photodetectors operating in the short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectral band were demonstrated. To enhance the responsivity of the graphene photodetectors, an InGaAs PIN photodiode structure was employed as the photosensitizers. The devices comprised chemical vapor deposition-grown graphene-based field-effect transistors and InGaAs PIN photodiodes fabricated on an InP substrate. The photoresponse of the devices was evaluated under visible to SWIR light irradiation. A clear photoresponse was obtained, with responsivity enhanced by a factor of 582 compared to devices without photosensitizers. These results are expected to contribute to the development of high-performance graphene-based SWIR image sensors.
Session 4:
Uncooled FPAs
27 April 2026 • 2:10 PM - 3:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
14037-13
27 April 2026 • 2:10 PM - 2:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
This study presents two investigations focused on shutterless operation and temperature measurement accuracy in an 80×60 pixel SOI diode infrared focal plane array(IRFPA). An improved shutterless correction technique was developed, allowing for the generation of a reference image from a single data acquisition in a stable environment, thus avoiding real-time updates and reducing computational load. Additionally, parameters for aberration correction were optimized using the Nelder-Mead method, achieving a temperature measurement error within 1°C for subjects between 10°C and 50°C. Ultimately, a shutterless infrared camera with high temperature accuracy was successfully created through a simple one-time correction process.
14037-14
27 April 2026 • 2:30 PM - 2:50 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Recently, we have revealed that high-purity semi-conducting single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks exhibit high TCR with over -6 %/K. Based on the fabrication process for conventional VOx bolometer arrays, we have newly developed a fabrication process for VGA format SWCNT bolometer arrays. From single device TEG evaluation, we have demonstrated that the SWCNT bolometers exhibit high responsivity. In this study, we succeeded in obtaining infrared imaging using SWCNT bolometer array sensors by maximizing detectivity and improving in-plane uniformity of detector characteristics. The VGA sensor chips fabricated on a readout circuit (ROIC) wafer for VOx bolometer were successfully driven within a simple exhaust imaging test apparatus to capture thermal infrared images. We will design new ROICs that maximize the characteristics of SWCNTs to enhance imaging performance.
Acknowledgments
Part of this study was supported by Innovative Science and Technology Initiative for Security Grant No. JPJ004596, ATLA, Japan.
14037-15
27 April 2026 • 2:50 PM - 3:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
This paper will exhibit the features of a SXGA+ uncooled IRFPA with 8.5 microns pixel pitch designed by LYNRED, the largest format in the newcoming 8.5µm product family. This new product offers high resolution, while keeping NETD <60 mK (at sensor, without denoising algorithm), at frame rate up to 60 Hz. This product family, associated with this new 8.5 pitch technology, integrates a new Vanadium Oxide (VOx) thermistor with drastic thermal stability improvements. We will focus mainly on the reduction of the sun effect which is a key concern for the end-user.
14037-16
27 April 2026 • 3:10 PM - 3:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Compact and low-cost sensors are required for long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) regions and lens is a key component to realize them. In recent years, we have been developing Si-based metalens for our uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs). However, the previous metalens is chromatic and only designed for the wavelength of 10 µm. In this study, we designed an achromatic metalens that matches focal lengths for wavelengths ranging from 8 to 12 µm, with intervals of 1 µm and fabricated the metalens on a Si wafer. We adapted the metalens on our infrared sensor and evaluated thermal images and responsivity. We confirmed a significant reduction in chromatic aberration for the developed achromatic metalens. The knowledge gained in this study will contribute to establish a design guideline to improve our metalens.
Break
Coffee Break 3:30 PM - 4:00 PM
Session 5:
FPAs for 3D Imaging and Ranging
27 April 2026 • 4:00 PM - 5:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chairs:
Peter K. Kondratko, BAE Systems, Inc. (United States), Rengarajan Sudharsanan, SAAZ Micro Inc. (United States)
14037-17
Progress in HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes at Leonardo DRS
(Invited Paper)
27 April 2026 • 4:00 PM - 4:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
The development of linear mode HgCdTe avalanche photodiodes at Leonardo DRS will be described. A few select applications will also be discussed.
14037-18
27 April 2026 • 4:30 PM - 4:50 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Short Wavelength Infrared (SWIR) Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GmAPD) sensors offer exceptional photon sensitivity, nanosecond timing, and eye-safe operation for covert range-gating and passive acquisition missions. This paper examines the principles of SWIR GmAPD device design, performance, and integration into low-SWaP imaging systems for defense and surveillance applications. Additionally, integration of these sensors into passive imaging systems are discussed, emphasizing their capability to detect and acquire targets without active illumination, thereby reducing the risk of detection. Performance metrics, such as dark count rate, photon detection efficiency, timing resolution, and noise characteristics, are evaluated to illustrate the advantages over linear-mode and visible-band sensors. Emerging applications in military, defense and aerospace security are also presented, underscoring the transformative potential of this technology in enhancing situational awareness and operational effectiveness in complex environments.
14037-19
27 April 2026 • 4:50 PM - 5:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Integration of 3D Flash LiDAR technology with a 640×512 short-wave infrared (SWIR) focal plane array (FPA) enables real-time, eye-safe, depth and imaging fusion, with superior performance in obscured and low-light conditions. This work delves into the methodologies deployed in depth sensing, system-level calibration, and time-of-flight (TOF) characterization; all essential for achieving high-precision, real-time 3D imaging. Key aspects such as depth accuracy, temporal resolution, and signal-to-noise optimization are explored to highlight the system's current state. This paper also outlines a roadmap to next-generation readout integrated circuit (ROIC) architecture, emphasizing innovations in pixel-level TOF, power efficiency, and high-frame-rate data throughput, to meet the demands of advanced defense, aerospace, and autonomous systems for complex operational environments.
14037-20
27 April 2026 • 5:10 PM - 5:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Extended short-wave infrared (eSWIR) focal plane arrays (FPAs) are at the forefront of transforming modern combat systems, offering unprecedented visibility and coded spot tracking performance across diverse battlefield scenarios. This paper details SUI’s eSWIR technology advancements across two extended wavelength domains – eSWIR and xSWIR and their integration into SUI’s advanced camera platforms. These designs, which leverage revolutionary algorithms and calibration, enable operation across broad temperature ranges, without the needs of traditional cryogenic cooled systems. This paper also highlights challenges in miniaturization, power efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, as well as the collaborative efforts driving innovation toward scalable deployment. Recent detector development includes the design, processing, packaging, and testing of novel, eSWIR avalanche photodiodes (APDs). Both Geiger and linear mode device data are presented in comparison to results predicted by TCAD simulations. Parameters including noise, sensitivity, and response time are examined ifor remote sensing and laser spot-tracking applications.
Symposium Plenary
27 April 2026 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM EDT | Potomac A
View Full Details: spie.org/ds/symposium-plenary
Chair welcome and introduction
27 April 2026 • 5:30 PM - 5:40 PM EDT
Space’s role in the DAF BATTLE NETWORK (Plenary Presentation)
Presenter(s): Raj Agrawal , Military Deputy for Space, Department of the Air Force Portfolio Acquisition Executive for Command, Control, Communications and Battle Management (DAF PAE C3BM) (United States)
27 April 2026 • 5:40 PM – 6:20 PM EDT
Science and technology determines the future (Plenary Presentation)
Presenter(s): Stacie Williams, Chief Science Officer, Headquarters United States Space Force (United States)
27 April 2026 • 6:20 PM – 7:00 PM EDT
Symposium Panel on Counter Unmanned Systems: Challenges, Opportunities, and Crossover Technology
28 April 2026 • 8:30 AM - 10:00 AM EDT | Potomac A
View Full Details: spie.org/ds/symposium-panel
Unmanned systems increasingly pose concerns to defense and security across the globe with their rapidly evolving, diverse range of platform, sensor, sensing, command and control, autonomy, and attack technologies; mass-production; and widespread adoption. Please join our illustrious panelists and moderator as we discuss existing and future challenges, opportunities, and crossover technologies to counter unmanned systems at this symposium-wide panel.
Break
Coffee/Exhibition Break 10:00 AM - 11:00 AM
Session 6:
Keynote Session
28 April 2026 • 11:00 AM - 11:40 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chair:
Gabor F. Fulop, Maxtech International, Inc. (United States)
14037-21
Scaling thermal imaging: from innovation to commercialization
(Keynote Presentation)
28 April 2026 • 11:00 AM - 11:40 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Break
Lunch/Exhibition Break 11:40 AM - 1:30 PM
Session 7:
Cooled FPAs III
28 April 2026 • 1:30 PM - 3:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
14037-23
28 April 2026 • 1:30 PM - 1:50 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
High resolution, wide field-of-view, infrared (IR) imagers find use in defense and commercial applications. Achieving consistent sensitivity and illumination across the field of view, with a compact optical design, is achievable by curving the focal plane array (FPA). We demonstrate the ability to the spherically curve initially flat mid-wave IR (MWIR) sensors by implementing post-processing modifications. We first develop the methodology using silicon die as mechanical surrogates. We then applied it to hybridized arrays, utilizing 4k x 4k, 10 um pixel pitch, MWIR III-V compound semiconductor photodetectors. Hybridized fanout chips were used to evaluate the bandgap and dark current uniformity after curving the arrays, and fully imaging FPA assessed the operability of curved arrays. This result is the first ever demonstration of a spherically-curved, cryogenically-cooled MWIR FPA.
14037-24
28 April 2026 • 1:50 PM - 2:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
LYNRED is a leading global provider of high-quality II-VI, III-V and bolometers infrared detectors for the aerospace, defence and commercial markets. To consolidate our position among infrared detector manufacturer leaders and to enable us to respond to growing market demand for next-generation infrared technologies, a new state of the art industrial facility is breaking ground. This facility will double the cleanroom footprint and increase production capacity with optimal cleanliness classification for new high-performance products.
Based on in house expertise of II-VI material growth, LYNRED has developed cutting-edge HOT p-on-n technology for the extended MW band. This improvement in HOT mercatel technology has been expanded to LW and VLW bands for spatial and tactical applications. In this article, we will review recent developments in LW p-on-n technology with a 9.5 µm cut-off wavelength and in VLW p-on-n technology with a 15 µm cut-off wavelength at 80 K,. We will present the latest results in terms of external quantum efficiency, dark current, operability, stability and reproducibility of Residual Fixed Pattern Noise and Modulation Transfer Function optimisations.
14037-25
28 April 2026 • 2:10 PM - 2:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
This paper presents an update on III-V strained layer superlattice (SLS) focal plane array (FPA) technology development at L3Harris. Topics include our continuing development, maturation, and expansion of our FPA technology portfolio following our patented detector on silicon FPA architecture. We report our progress on FPA yield improvement, small pitch FPA performance, extended-SWIR FPAs and 3K x 3K format dual-band MWIR/LWIR FPAs.
14037-26
28 April 2026 • 2:30 PM - 2:50 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Type-II superlattice (T2SL) technology is an ultimate solution for infrared imaging, thanks to its high performance, good uniformity and excellent long-term stability. Following the success of IRnova’s midwave infrared (MWIR, 3-5 µm) T2SL detectors, IRnova is now expanding its product portfolio with VGA format extended SWIR (eSWIR, 1-3 µm) sensors, utilizing thermo-electrically cooled (TEC) as well as SWaP Stirling cooled solutions. The outstanding imaging quality of these sensors will be presented along with the very first FPA results from very large-format eSWIR T2SL detectors (2048×512 pixels on 15 µm pitch), tailored for future Earth observation space missions within the EU project STEP.
Thanks to a reliable T2SL quantum structure modeling combined with a mature processing capability , IRnova has also enabled development of advanced solutions with MW/MW dual color, MW/LW dual band detection as well as long wavelength IR (LWIR, 8-12 µm) T2SL infrared imaging. In this paper, the most recent results will be presented, demonstrating the incredible versatility of T2SL imaging solutions. Like for QWIP technology, T2SL at IRnova keep all their promises.
14037-27
28 April 2026 • 2:50 PM - 3:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Robust and reliable infrared (IR) imaging sensors based on Type-II superlattice (T2SL) and Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIP) have consistently demonstrated exceptional uniformity, long-term stability, and advanced operability (>99.9 %) for pixel pitches as small as 7.5 µm at IRnova.
The family of 10 µm pitch SXGA format (1280x1024 pixels) IR sensors is growing rapidly at IRnova, with state-of-the-art T2SL solutions in mid-wavelength IR (MWIR, 3-5 µm) with the Njord detector as well as groundbreaking, high-resolution QWIP sensor (Tyr) for long wavelength IR (LWIR, 8-12 µm) imaging. Their performances are presented in this work, demonstrating high sensitivity, excellent spatial uniformity, temporal stability, and high modulation transfer function (MTF) which all results in high-end imaging.
These advanced products will soon be followed by next-generation polarimetric HD LWIR imagers, utilizing in-pixel polarization selectivity as well as MW/LW dual band bias tunable detectors. In this paper, the status of the development of these SXGA products will be presented, along with a road map for IR imagers with smaller pitch (Skade, Q2-2027) and larger formats (2k x 2k and beyond)
14037-28
28 April 2026 • 3:10 PM - 3:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
This paper systematically investigates the effect of vacuum contact pressure during contact photolithography on the mesa morphology and device performance of long-wave infrared (LWIR) focal plane arrays (FPAs). By comparing lithography fidelity, mesa sidewall morphology, and dark current, we demonstrate that increasing the vacuum contact pressure can effectively suppress Fresnel diffraction, yielding a smoother lithography pattern edge by forming a more uniform, smooth inverted-trapezoid mesa sidewall during etching. This optimization of the mesa morphology significantly reduces the dark current induced by dangling bonds, crystal lattice defects, and polymer residues. Experimental results show that the FPAs fabricated at 62 kPa exhibit a dark current one order of magnitude lower than that fabricated at 53 kPa, along with a 50-fold reduction in standard deviation. The bad pixel rate decreases from 15.5% to 0.6%, while the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) improved to 17 mK.
Break
Coffee Break 3:30 PM - 4:00 PM
Session 8:
Session of Interest on Artificial Intelligence: Joint Session with Conferences 14029 and 14031
28 April 2026 • 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chairs:
Kenny Chen, Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control (United States), Celso M. De Melo, DEVCOM Army Research Lab. (United States)
14029-12
28 April 2026 • 4:00 PM - 4:20 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Infrared (IR) detection and tracking technologies are advancing rapidly with the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML). While these tools enhance capability and automation, they also present challenges in ensuring consistent and transparent system performance across diverse operational conditions. Reliable AI/ML training depends on large, high-quality datasets, yet real IR data are often limited. Synthetic data offers a promising solution, but their influence on model performance and trustworthiness remains uncertain. This work compares AI object detectors trained using the empirical ATR Algorithm Development Image Database (ADID) and a synthetic counterpart developed by Perez, Vanstone, et. al. Leveraging explainable AI (XAI) tools the study evaluates how synthetic data may affect model decisions. Results contribute to a framework for validating AI/ML systems that use synthetic data, promoting greater transparency, reliability, and confidence in future IR sensing applications.
14029-13
28 April 2026 • 4:20 PM - 4:40 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
The naval ship infrared signature model and naval threat countermeasure simulator (ShipIR/NTCS) developed by W.R. Davis Engineering Ltd. has undergone extensive validation since its adoption as a NATO-standard and through US Navy Accreditation for Live Fire Test and Evaluation of the DDG-79 (Flight IIA) Aegis Guided Missile Destroyer and Contract Design of the DDG-1000 (USS Zumwalt) Guided Missile Destroyer. Some of the features that make this tool well suited for input to AI / ML applications is its fully-deterministic approach to thermal / EOIR modelling. With the delivery of a turn-key ShipIR thermal and EOIR model of each class of ship, only a few climatic and ship operational inputs are required to construct a full operating EOIR scenario with both transient background and ship signature conditions.This paper will describe the overall framework but also its scene rendering and scenario model updating capabilities. It is hoped that new use case evaluations might result from the presentation of these details to a wider Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Community.
14031-19
28 April 2026 • 4:40 PM - 5:00 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Modern automated target recognition (ATR) systems can use a diverse set of modalities to identify targets. Of particular importance are infrared emissions for night-time detection. In this paper, we describe a physically implemented infrared camouflage system that uses a limited number of temperature-adjustable panels that can be placed on a vehicle and adversarially trained to evade ATR by changing the infrared emitted by the panels.
Testing with a YOLO ATR with and without the camouflage activated, we consistently degrade detection from 90% to below 52% confidence. This was achievable even when only activating 14 of the 24 available panels. This improves upon previous work by creating a cost-effective solution that is optimized to avoid ATR instead of attempting to modify the infrared pattern of the entire target.
Poster Session
28 April 2026 • 5:30 PM - 7:00 PM EDT | Potomac C
Conference attendees are invited to attend the symposium-wide poster session on Tuesday evening. Come view the posters, enjoy light refreshments, ask questions, and network with colleagues in your field. Poster authors will be present to answer questions concerning their papers. Attendees are required to wear their conference registration badges to the poster session.
Poster Setup: Tuesday 12:00 PM - 5:30 PM
Poster authors, view poster presentation guidelines and set-up instructions at spie.org/ds/poster-presentation-guidelines.
Poster Setup: Tuesday 12:00 PM - 5:30 PM
Poster authors, view poster presentation guidelines and set-up instructions at spie.org/ds/poster-presentation-guidelines.
14037-56
On demand | Presented live 28 April 2026
Show Abstract +
In this study, infrared detectors were fabricated using p-type GeSn films with Sn concentrations of 4.2 and 7.0%, grown on n-type Ge substrates using MBE. The spectral detectivity of p-GeSn/n-Ge junction was for broadband infrared detection. Spectral responsivity measured by FT-IR spectroscopy revealed a distinct absorption peak at 1.55 um in both photodetectors, corresponding to the response from n-Ge substrate. Beyond 1.55 um, the responsivity extended toward longer wavelengths as the concentration of Sn increased, with a cutoff wavelength reaching up to 2.2 um for the 7.0% Sn sample. These results indicate that infrared absorption in p-GeSn layer significantly contributes to the spectral responsivity. Furthermore, a higher Sn concentration led to a slight increase in dark current, which elevated current noise and consequently degraded the detectivity. Nevertheless, the p-GeSn/n-Ge junction photodetectors with 7.0% Sn sample achieved a high detectivity exceeding 10^8 cmHz^1/2/W at 2 um at a temperature of 240 K.
Acknowledgments
This work was partly supported by JST/CREST (No. JPMJCR21C2).
14037-57
On demand | Presented live 28 April 2026
Show Abstract +
Anisotropic properties in materials or photonic structures can lead to unique light–matter interactions, which can realize novel photodetection systems. Weyl semimetals are three-dimensional gapless topological materials and are promising for realizing advanced infrared (IR) photodetectors. We propose using Weyl semimetal-based metasurfaces (WSMs) for IR detection. Theoretical calculations show that WSMs can produce nonreciprocal IR absorption for different polarization and incident angles. This ability is attributed to the unique band structure of Weyl semimetals with a pair of Weyl nodes. The obtained results are expected to contribute to the realization of unique IR photodetectors with nonreciprocity for various analytical applications.
14037-58
On demand | Presented live 28 April 2026
Show Abstract +
Detection-wavelength reconfigurability is attracting attention in infrared sensor applications, including multicolor imaging, biomedical analysis, and gas sensing. We propose graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) van der Waals heterostructures with metasurfaces to achieve such reconfigurability. hBN was formed on or in one-dimensional nanograting-based metasurfaces, where it modulates optical absorption by the metasurfaces and enables multiband absorption via interaction between surface plasmon resonance and hyperbolic phonon polaritons. Graphene formed on or in hBN can control the absorption wavelength when a bias voltage is applied and its chemical potential is tuned. These results are expected to contribute to the realization of detection-wavelength-reconfigurable infrared sensors.
14037-59
On demand | Presented live 28 April 2026
Show Abstract +
All-dielectric metasurfaces can project an arbitrary holographic image via geometrical phase control of incident light. We investigated Si-based holographic metasurfaces for infrared holography. The holographic metasurface consists of various-sized pillars formed in a flat Si wafer. The configuration of the pillars was determined according to the required phase diagram for the target image. Numerical calculations demonstrated that the holographic image was obtained in the long-wavelength infrared region. The proposed metasurfaces can be used in a wide range of applications, including thermal control devices, thermal identification, and security.
14037-60
On demand | Presented live 28 April 2026
Show Abstract +
Open-vocabulary object detection (OVD) is becoming increasingly important for expanding the applicability of thermal imaging in real-world environments such as HVAC systems. However, directly applying existing OVD foundation models to thermal images is challenging due to the modality gap and the unique radiometric–frequency characteristics of thermal data. While recent approaches such as visual prompt tuning show promise, they do not explicitly address these frequency-specific properties. In this work, we propose a frequency-aware U-Net–based framework designed for thermal-domain OVD. The model integrates frequency-adaptive tuning to enhance structural perception and radiometric consistency. Compared with conventional methods, it achieves improved detection accuracy, particularly for small or low-contrast objects, demonstrating the potential of frequency-aware adaptation for robust thermal vision systems.
14037-61
On demand | Presented live 28 April 2026
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Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as WSe2 are promising for optoelectronic photodetectors due to their thinness, tunable properties, and flexibility. This study examines how exfoliation parameters - peeling angle, substrate contact, and thermal treatment - impact flake quality and device performance. Optimized techniques produced continuous layers and reproducible visible-near‑infrared (VIS-NIR) photodetectors with ohmic contacts and photoconductive operation. The electrical response followed Arrhenius behaviour, with activation energies depending on device geometry. Narrowing the conduction channels increased resistance while reducing dark current and noise, underscoring the importance of device layout and fabrication processes in achieving efficient VIS-NIR detection with TMDs.
14037-63
On demand | Presented live 28 April 2026
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This paper studies how a miss-sensitive objective alters the operating behavior of a compact satellite-sequence model for short-lead ignition screening on a fixed Indonesian FIRMS-Landsat scaffold. The analysis centers the exponentially tilted L1 family through gradient asymmetry, curvature, conditional risk, and threshold effects under severe class imbalance. Results show no universal best loss: BCE-style objectives lead on ranking and precision, focal loss yields the best F1, and tilted L1 is most useful in FN-averse alerting regimes where missed ignitions are costlier than false alarms. An α-sweep further shows a shift from all-negative behavior to recall-dominant screening, framing tilted L1 as a tunable decision loss rather than a general-purpose probability objective.
14037-64
On demand | Presented live 28 April 2026
Show Abstract +
Heterogeneous integration of III-V semiconductors on silicon allows for integrated photonics at the 1.55 μm SWIR wavelength with applications in optical fiber communication systems and LIDAR.
In this work, GaP is investigated as an interface layer between a lattice matched silicon substrate and a transfer printed GaAsSb layer. The results demonstrate that GaP acts as an incompatible interface layer between GaAsSb and Si for an SACM APD, but that GaP is suitable for a unipolar barrier structure.
Session 9:
IR Technology Use in Sensors/Systems
29 April 2026 • 8:50 AM - 10:10 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chairs:
John T. Caulfield, Cyan Systems, Inc. (United States), Neil F. Baril, U.S. Army CCDC C5ISR Ctr. Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate (United States)
14037-32
29 April 2026 • 8:50 AM - 9:10 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
The Short-Wave InfraRed (SWIR) spectral region is emerging as a promising operating band for next-generation active sensing, laser range finding, and countermeasure receivers, offering lower scattering losses, enhanced eye safety, and improved atmospheric transmission. However, the performance of detectors operating in this transitional region between extended-InGaAs and InGaAsSb remains limited by increased dark current, junction capacitance, and lack of high-efficiency avalanche gain. This paper highlights the limitations of available detectors operating in this wavelength range and the performance that can still be achieved when assembled in CMC Electronics’ products.
Hybrid integration with ultra-low noise transimpedance amplifier (TIA) achieves noise-equivalent power (NEP) values as low as 0.8 pW/√Hz at 10 MHz for small-area detectors, and below 6 pW/√Hz for 270 pF devices at 10 MHz, at room temperature. Simulations show a 3–4× NEP advantage of the CMC hybrid over conventional PCB-mounted COTS TIA designs, translating directly into a corresponding 3.75× reduction in the required transmitter peak power for equal detection range.
14037-33
29 April 2026 • 9:10 AM - 9:30 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
This paper describes the results of LAT(Lot Acceptance Test), Special In-Process Control test, Screening Test and Qualification Test performed during the development of the space-qualified IR (InfraRed) image sensor.
For LAT, two tests were performed, SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) and TID(Total Ionized Dose), and shown its results.
As a Special In-Process Control test for all kinds of materials used in IR image sensor manufacturing, a variety of tests include a wire bond strength test were performed and verified its compatibility.
In order to reduce the infant failure in the beginning of IR image sensor manufacturing, all lots of components shall be subjected to screening test of cryogenic test..
The qualification test for the IR image sensor shall be implemented in the intended environments according to the standard of ECSS-E-ST-10-03C for pre-launch, in-orbit, and EMC, and ESCC Generic Specification No. 22500 and No. 25100 for DD and SEE each. Shock, vibration, EMC, thermal vacuum, DD and SEE tests were performed and all tests results complied with each test requirements.
14037-34
29 April 2026 • 9:30 AM - 9:50 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Short-wave infrared (SWIR) detectors, known for their superior imaging performance, have historically been deployed in high-end, long-range military platforms. The integration of Asynchronous Laser Pulse Detection (ALPD) with SWIR sensors has further enabled sophisticated laser-guided targeting capabilities, providing significant advantages over conventional four-quadrant cell solutions. This work explores strategies to extend the application of SWIR detector technology to cost-sensitive military systems, including soldier-portable devices and munitions. Recent advancements such as 10 um pitch Readout Integrated Circuits (ROIC) capable of precise laser pulse frequency measurement, fabrication with enhanced yield, cost-effective InGaAs processes, and alternative material systems for SWIR sensing have opened new opportunities for wider adoption. We present the capabilities of a high-performance VGA-format InGaAs-based detector with ALPD (exemplified by the SWIFT EI), and a comparison drawn from public sources of the costs and benefits of detectors leveraging the same ROIC but utilizing alternative photosensitive layers. While conventionally hybridized InGaAs detectors demonstrate higher performance with longer range ALPD, other approaches offer compelling potential for manufacturing cost reduction with shorter range ALPD.
14037-35
29 April 2026 • 9:50 AM - 10:10 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
In defense applications, multispectral imaging plays a crucial role in enhancing scene awareness by providing contrast-based information across visible (VIS) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral bands. Beyond conventional imaging, the detection of short-pulsed laser emissions from potential hostile sources such as rangefinders and target designators is increasingly vital for early threat identification and platform protection. We present a unique multispectral imaging system featuring a single-aperture zoom objective capable of simultaneous contrast-based VIS-SWIR imaging within the identical field of view and event-based asynchronous laser pulse detection (ALPD).
Break
Coffee Break 10:10 AM - 10:40 AM
Session 10:
ROIC
29 April 2026 • 10:40 AM - 11:40 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chairs:
Kenton T. Veeder, Senseeker Corp. (United States), John T. Caulfield, Cyan Systems, Inc. (United States)
14037-37
29 April 2026 • 10:40 AM - 11:00 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Short-wave Infrared (SWIR) line arrays are essential components in spectroscopy, particularly across the near-infrared and short-wave ranges (0.9 µm to 2.1 µm). These sensors facilitate the collection of hyperspectral data line-by-line, allowing for the reconstruction of both full spectral and spatial information of a target. To enable the detection of weak intrinsic responses, achieving high sensitivity and high spatial resolution is critical.
This article presents advanced design methodologies for a Readout Integrated Circuit (ROIC) tailored for InGaAs-based SWIR image sensors. In such applications, the photosensitive area is often relatively large to capture low-intensity signals. However, this large area introduces significant design challenges, specifically the degradation of injection efficiency and an increase in dark current.
Specific design techniques are proposed to mitigate these conflicting requirements, which have been validated through the development of a 256-pixel SWIR sensor. The implementation achieves a 40 kHz frame rate in Integrate While Read (IWR) mode while maintaining a state-of-the-art dynamic range of 83.7 dB.
14037-38
29 April 2026 • 11:00 AM - 11:20 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
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This work presents advances in readout integrated circuit (ROIC) design for event-based infrared (IR) imagers, focusing on pixel- and array-level innovations that enhance sensitivity, throughput, power efficiency, and uniformity. Two generations of 32×32-pixel arrays are demonstrated. The first integrates a classical logarithmic pixel (LOG-NCG) and a new linear-response pixel (LIN-TIA) optimized for high-background operation, achieving >90 dB dynamic range, <1.8 K minimum event temperature (MET), and <10 µs latency. The LIN-TIA enables tunable contrast sensitivity down to 1.82% (~500 mK MET) with stable background response. Simulation results for the second-generation array, which incorporates a photovoltaic change-detector (PVCD) pixel, show MET below 300 mK while reducing pixel power to ~50 µW. New change-detector amplification and non-uniformity correction schemes improve contrast threshold uniformity (CTNU) and sensitivity. Implemented in 0.18 µm CMOS with 30 µm pitch, these architectures provide a scalable, low-power foundation for next-generation event-based IR imaging systems.
14037-39
29 April 2026 • 11:20 AM - 11:40 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
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Leonardo UK Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) avalanche photo diode (APD) array technology has been expanded to target the Mid-Wave InfraRed (MWIR) waveband. This paper reports a comparison of results for two APD structures and two readout integrated circuit (ROIC) architectures and considers the application of this technology to standard mid wave imaging and flux-starved terrestrial and space environments.
Break
Lunch/Exhibition Break 11:40 AM - 1:10 PM
Panel Discussion: Infrared in Automotive Applications
29 April 2026 • 1:10 PM - 2:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chair:
Andrew D. Hood, Attollo Engineering, LLC (United States)
Thermal imaging technology is poised to become widespread in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) for pedestrian detection and as part of the sensor stack, along with visible cameras, lidar, radar and other sensors, for future autonomous vehicles.
Moderator:
Andrew Hood, Attollo Engineering, LLC (United States)
Panelists: to be determined
Break
Transitional Break 2:10 PM - 2:20 PM
Session 11:
Artificial Intelligence II: Joint Session with Conferences 14031 and 14037
29 April 2026 • 2:20 PM - 3:00 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chair:
Kenny Chen, Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control (United States)
14037-40
29 April 2026 • 2:20 PM - 2:40 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Thermal (infrared) perception is important for robust object detection in low-illumination and poor-visibility conditions, especially in automotive scenes. This work studies parameter-efficient adaptation of the open-vocabulary detector YOLO-World from visible to thermal imagery using two complementary strategies: input-space modality prompting (ModPrompt) and weight-space low-rank adaptation (LoRA). Experiments on the FLIR-IR aligned benchmark with three categories—person, bicycle, and car—show that both methods improve over zero-shot transfer, while their combination achieves the best accuracy (AP50 75.5, AP75 36.9, AP 41.1). LoRA offers the best efficiency among the tested settings, whereas LoRA combined with ModPrompt provides the strongest detection performance at higher computational cost. These results highlight a practical trade-off between efficiency and accuracy for thermal open-vocabulary detection.
14031-21
29 April 2026 • 2:40 PM - 3:00 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
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Detecting small UAVs in thermal infrared imagery is challenging because targets often occupy only a few pixels, have weak contrast, and appear in cluttered backgrounds. We propose a real-time hybrid detector that runs YOLOv11-s and a multiscale Relative Local Contrast Measure (RLCM) branch in parallel, then fuses their candidate detections at the bounding-box level before lightweight temporal confirmation with a probabilistic data association filter (PDAF). The PDAF associates detections across nearby frames, suppresses isolated clutter responses, and confirms persistent targets. On Anti-UAV410, the proposed method improves AP over YOLOv11-s, with the largest gains on tiny targets, increasing APt from 0.47 to 0.70. On Jetson AGX Orin Industrial, the full pipeline runs in 4.53 ms per frame versus 4.42 ms for YOLOv11-s alone, adding only 0.11 ms latency. These results show that candidate-level fusion of semantic confidence and contrast-based saliency, together with lightweight temporal confirmation, improves tiny infrared UAV detection while preserving real-time embedded performance.
Break
Coffee Break 3:00 PM - 3:30 PM
Session 12:
Cryogenic Coolers
29 April 2026 • 3:30 PM - 5:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chairs:
Christophe Vasse, Thales LAS France SAS (France), Alexander Veprik, CryoTech Ltd. (Israel)
14037-41
29 April 2026 • 3:30 PM - 3:50 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
This paper describes a structured approach for cryocooler selection and system-level integration as applied in Ricor’s applications engineering workflow. The methodology emphasizes early requirements capture, iterative performance assessment using databases and modeling tools, formalization of mechanical/thermal/electrical interfaces documentation, and an end-to-end integration followed by acceptance tests for the cryocooler–dewar–controller assembly. In addition, the paper summarizes modeling and simulation tools used to predict cooldown behavior and to evaluate design sensitivity, and it reviews examples of special configurations that address platform constraints, including linear L-shape architectures and extended gas transfer line. Finally, a modular building-block roadmap is presented as a framework for accelerating customization while maintaining configuration control and production readiness
14037-43
29 April 2026 • 3:50 PM - 4:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
A growing trend in cryogenically cooled infrared detectors is the shift toward higher operating temperatures, which relaxes cooling requirements while at the same time increasing the demand for smaller, lighter, and less expensive cryogenic solutions. The objective of the ongoing effort is to explore the extent to which a Stirling cryocooler can be further downscaled and cost-reduced without compromising the efficiency and cooling capacity required for low SWaP+C applications.
The authors present the essentials of the mechanical and electromagnetic design of a moving-magnet linear actuator. Attention is given to the spatial shaping of the integrated magnetic spring and the transducer rate.
A dynamic experimental characterization method was developed to overcome the limitations of static measurements caused by piston-cylinder friction, as well as the pronounced nonlinearities inherent in both the magnetic spring and the transducer rate.
14037-44
29 April 2026 • 4:10 PM - 4:30 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
To cool infrared detectors, it is essential to use cryogenic rotary coolers that are reliable and have optimized Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP) characteristics. The development of efficient rotary coolers enables to maintain the same cryogenic performance while reducing their physical dimensions. Moreover, working at lower rotational speeds contributes to improve reliability, quietness and lifespan.
This paper presents an overview of the performance characteristics of Thales cryogenic rotary coolers, highlighting their capabilities in achieving cryogenics temperature regulation. We detail key performance metrics such as cooling power, reliability, quietness, and operational lifetime. Additionally, recent development efforts aimed at enhancing cooler efficiency are discussed, including innovations in thermodynamic cycle optimization and materials engineering. These improvements contribute to reduced power consumption, increased cooling capacity, and extended service intervals, reinforcing Thales’ position as a leader in cryogenic cooling solutions for demanding defense, surveillance and industry environments.
14037-45
29 April 2026 • 4:30 PM - 4:50 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
The West Coast Solutions constant current drive Micro Cryocooler Control Electronics was recently tested with a high performance, highly-miniaturized split Stirling cryocooler from Ricor. The efficiency was shown to be essentially identical to that of the current sine driver product offering, but with the added advantage of constant input voltage and current. Results and future productization plans are presented.
14037-66
29 April 2026 • 4:50 PM - 5:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Thales Cryogenics presents a new product in its portfolio, the LPT9511 pulse-tube cooler. This cooler is part of the High-Availability product range at Thales Cryogenics.
The new product development was aimed specifically at IDDCA applications, combining the extreme reliability of pulse-tube coolers, 99% reliability after 10 years of continuous use, with the ease of integration and standardization typically seen in infrared applications.
In previous conferences, the design concepts and principles have been presented. Since then, the design has been optimized for improved performance and integrability. In this paper, the status of the design and qualification of the final product will be presented.
Session 13:
Novel Concepts for Improved IR Detection I
30 April 2026 • 8:10 AM - 10:00 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chairs:
Nansheng Tang, L3Harris Technologies, Inc. (United States), Jamal Ibrahim Mustafa, Anduril Industries, Inc. (United States)
14037-46
Overview of Anduril infrared imaging capabilities
(Invited Paper)
30 April 2026 • 8:10 AM - 8:40 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Anduril is a fast growing defense technology company that is reshaping the way the US Department of War procures systems. Anduril develops products, often self-funded, using an agile approach to iteratively engineer and rapidly field new capabilities. An overview of the Imaging business line, which produces a variety of infrared sensors and systems, will be presented.
14037-47
30 April 2026 • 8:40 AM - 9:00 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
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A newly developed imaging system capable of producing radiometrically accurate stop-motion infrared measurements for the assessment of hypervelocity targets in-flight has proven successful in two recently completed data collection campaigns utilizing light-gas guns. Effects observed include full temperature gradient information, location of stagnation regions, identification of shock interactions, and visualization of turbulent structures. In both cases, high emissivity thermoplastic cylinders were fired and imaged in-flight utilizing a modified Telops M3 Super HD MWIR Camera. Peak velocities captured exceed Mach 20 (>7km/s). Notably, a prominent wake is observed behind the projectiles and the turbulent structures there-in are also uniquely visible due to the high-definition stop-motion nature of this solution, and an appreciable IR signature from particulates pyrolyzed off the targets during flight. Quantification and visualization of these data points and phenomena are first of their kind assessments which provide significant new resources to researchers and labs in the hypersonics community.
14037-48
30 April 2026 • 9:00 AM - 9:20 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have emerged as the gold standard in light detection in the visible and near-IR range, offering unprecedented detection efficiencies, timing precision, and low dark count rates. Extending these single-photon detection capabilities into the mid-infrared is expected to have far-reaching implications for long-wavelength optical communication, quantum optics, astronomy, environmental monitoring, and fundamental molecular sciences. We showcase the development of externally fiber-coupled short-wave infrared (2.0-2.3 µm) and mid-wave infrared (3.0-3.4 µm) superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs). In both wavelength ranges, we venture beyond state-of-the-art and achieve the best-reported system detection efficiencies and specific detectivities. We discuss the inherent advantages and challenges in IR detection based on superconductors and showcase how the newly developed SNSPDs can be used to characterize emerging materials platforms and quantum emitters in a previously unattainable manner.
14037-49
30 April 2026 • 9:20 AM - 9:40 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
We present simulation cavity detuning and walk-off effects from a 5 mm GaSe crystal in synchronously pumped singly resonant optical parametric oscillator (SPOPO) configuration. A pulsed mid-infrared external cavity quantum cascade lasers (ECQCL) at 8 μm is used as a pump that produces a 9500 nm signal. The simulation is based on theoretical model using generalized Cheung–Liu master equation. The equation incorporates material dispersion, group-velocity dispersion (GVD), temporal walk-off, gain saturation, cavity detuning, and round-trip losses. For different pump strengths and cavity detuning, important metrics like threshold power, intracavity pulse shape, Root Mean Square (RMS) bandwidth, and signal conversion efficiency were carefully examined. The simulation reveals that the temporal pulse walk-off reduces peak power conversion efficiency, whereas cavity detuning can optimize signal bandwidth. The results provide guidance for experimental design of a Mid-IR SPOPO design operating in the 8–11 μm range.
14037-50
30 April 2026 • 9:40 AM - 10:00 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Based on the architecture and performance of legacy fielded integral optics cooled detectors, SemiConductor Devices (SCD) is developing next-generation integrated optics detectors for large and medium FOV applications. This paper presents the concept, design, and characterization of integrated optics cooled detector modules optimized for detection and imaging applications in the mid-wave infrared (MWIR) spectral band
Break
Coffee Break 10:00 AM - 10:30 AM
Session 14:
Novel Concepts for Improved IR Detection II
30 April 2026 • 10:30 AM - 12:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Session Chairs:
Jamal Ibrahim Mustafa, Anduril Industries, Inc. (United States), Nansheng Tang, L3Harris Technologies, Inc. (United States)
14037-51
30 April 2026 • 10:30 AM - 10:50 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Cyan Systems has continued to productize our small pixel broadband Full High Definition (FHD) 1920 x 1080 camera and Ultra High Definition Camera (UHD) 3840 x 2160 camera with low noise and compact Size, Weight, and Power (SWaP). We have field tested several of our FHD and UHD and IR sensors. We report on the performance of the HD and UHD in recent long range test scenarios. The HD small pixel cameras demonstrate key resolution and enabling capabilities such as spectral agility, ability to image in high humidity, smoke, and fog, extended detection range, etc.
Updates on maturation of the compact small pixel FHD camera technology as well as our new MWIR Ultra HD [3840 x 2160] small pixel camera ability to provide wide coverage/WFOV will be provided.
We will report on key camera performance and attributes including NEI,
14037-52
30 April 2026 • 10:50 AM - 11:10 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
We report a novel composite pyramid structure that integrates upright and inverted pyramids through a tailored silicon substrate. The device exhibits a responsivity of 17.37 µA/W at 3.46 µm, exceeding the planar junction by more than 266 times, and maintains 0.46 µA/W at 10 µm, a 75-fold improvement over the inverted pyramid structure. Simulations reveal that the hybrid geometry produces highly concentrated local electric fields, mitigating field dispersion limitations of conventional IPS designs and enhancing both light absorption and hot-carrier generation. Even under long-wavelength illumination, the composite structure sustains strong field enhancement, resulting in stable and sensitive mid-infrared photodetection. Combined with silicon’s low cost, mature fabrication, and CMOS compatibility, this architecture shows great potential for applications in thermal imaging, gas sensing, and energy conversion.
14037-53
30 April 2026 • 11:10 AM - 11:30 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
This paper explores the impact of integrating a pixelated polarimetric filter with an LWIR focal plane array on sensor performance. While the filter increases NEDT due to reduced photon throughput, polarimetric sensitivity enhances target contrast. The resulting improvement in signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) leads to better scene interpretation and object detection. The paper also introduces processing algorithms that mitigate NEDT penalties, enabling polarimetric systems to outperform traditional thermal sensors in relevant operational environments.
14037-54
30 April 2026 • 11:30 AM - 11:50 AM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
Infrared detectors and imaging systems are widely used across industrial and defense sectors, but performance demands continue to exceed the limits of traditional cooled, broadband imagers. This work highlights sensor technologies developed to meet specialized requirements through tailored design, fabrication, and characterization. SK Infrared has advanced resonant cavity detectors using III-V compound semiconductor superlattices grown by molecular beam epitaxy, enabling MWIR and LWIR operation at elevated temperatures. This demonstration showcases the infrared sensor innovations needed to achieve higher performance, cost-effective solutions across multiple spectral bands.
14037-55
30 April 2026 • 11:50 AM - 12:10 PM EDT | National Harbor 10
Show Abstract +
GaSb-based avalanche photodiodes (APDs) operating in the extended short-wave infrared (eSWIR) require careful electric-field partitioning to suppress tunneling in the absorber while enabling avalanche multiplication. This simulation study examines SACM APDs near 2.05 µm using NRL band parameters, comparing step and superlattice transition designs with varying charge-layer thicknesses. Results show that charge-layer thickness governs the absorber field and operating voltage margin, while the transition region shapes the local electric-field profile at the absorber–multiplier interface. The superlattice design redistributes the field, reducing abrupt transitions and mitigating tunneling. These findings highlight transition-region engineering as a key lever for optimizing APD performance.
Conference Chair
Maxtech International, Inc. (United States), Infrared Imaging News (United States)
Conference Chair
Attollo Engineering, Safran Defense and Space, Inc. (United States)
Program Committee
Mikro-Tasarim Elektronik San. ve Tic. A.S. (Turkey), Middle East Technical Univ. (Turkey)
Program Committee
U.S. Army CCDC C5ISR Ctr. Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate (United States)
Program Committee
Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna im. Jaroslawa Dabrowskiego (Poland)
Program Committee
U.S. Army CCDC C5ISR Ctr. Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate (United States)