3D flash LiDAR fusion on a 640x512 SWIR FPA: depth calibration, TOF characterization, and path to next-gen ROICs

Integration of 3D Flash LiDAR technology with a 640×512 short-wave infrared (SWIR) focal plane array (FPA) enables real-time, eye-safe, depth and imaging fusion, with superior performance in obscured and low-light conditions. This work delves into the methodologies deployed in depth sensing, system-level calibration, and time-of-flight (TOF) characterization; all essential for achieving high-precision, real-time 3D imaging. Key aspects such as depth accuracy, temporal resolution, and signal-to-noise optimization are explored to highlight the system's current state. This paper also outlines a roadmap to next-generation readout integrated circuit (ROIC) architecture, emphasizing innovations in pixel-level TOF, power efficiency, and high-frame-rate data throughput, to meet the demands of advanced defense, aerospace, and autonomous systems for complex operational environments.